英语二核心语法速查
应试向 · 七张卡覆盖阅读长难句与写作的全部语法刚需
一、时态一张表
| 时态 | 构成 | 信号词 | 考试场景 |
| 一般现在 | do/does | always, usually, every day | 客观事实、图表静态描述 |
| 一般过去 | did | in 2020, ago, last year | 图表描述历史数据(最高频) |
| 一般将来 | will do | in the future, next | 尾段预测 |
| 现在完成 | have/has done | since, so far, in recent years | 图表「近年趋势」首选 |
| 过去完成 | had done | by the end of, before | 「过去的过去」,阅读高频 |
| 现在进行 | be doing | now, currently | 当前正在发生 |
| 过去进行 | was/were doing | at that time | 背景动作,阅读高频 |
图表作文时态铁律:过去年份用过去时/现在完成时,切勿全篇现在时;同一段落时态必须一致。
二、三大从句一次分清
判断口诀
看从句缺什么:缺主语或宾语 → that/which/who(定语或名词性);成分齐全只缺「修饰」→ whose/when/where/why;整句当名词用(主语/宾语)→ 名词性从句。
| 从句 | 引导词 | 例句 |
| 定语从句 | that/which/who/whose/whom/when/where(先行词在从句中作成分) | The firm whose sales doubled won the award. 销售额翻倍的那家公司获奖了。 |
| 名词性从句 | that/whether/what/who/when(从句当主语或宾语) | What the report reveals is alarming. 报告揭示的内容令人担忧。 |
| 状语从句 | when/while/if/although/because/since(从句当状语,成分齐全) | Although costs rose, profits held steady. 尽管成本上升,利润保持稳定。 |
that 在名词性从句中不作成分不可省(主语从句);定语从句 that 作宾语时可省——用「拆句子成分」判定,不靠语感。
三、非谓语三兄弟
| 形态 | 用法 | 判断口诀 | 例 |
| doing | 主动/进行 | 逻辑主语「主动发出」该动作 | the team winning the match(队伍主动赢) |
| done | 被动/完成 | 逻辑主语「被动承受」该动作 | the match won by the team(比赛被赢) |
| to do | 目的/将来 | 尚未发生的动作 | the decision to expand(要扩张的决定) |
三步判定:①找逻辑主语(离得最近的名词)②问它与动词的关系——发动作 doing、收动作 done、未发生 to do。③独立主格时逻辑主语写在分词前(with 复合结构同理)。
四、虚拟语气三档 + should 型
| 虚拟档位 | if 从句 | 主句 | 例句 |
| 对现在 | did(be 一律 were) | would do | If I were you, I would accept it. |
| 对过去 | had done | would have done | If we had acted earlier, we would have won. |
| 对将来 | should/were to do | would do | Were it to rain, the plan would fail. |
should 型:essential/important/necessary/suggest/demand/require + that 从句 → (should)+动词原形。
隐含条件词:but for(要不是)/without + 名词 = if 条件的伪装,主句照用对应档位。
阅读中的虚拟=「与事实相反」:看到 had done 开头倒装(Had we known...),先翻译成「当时要是…就好了」。
五、主谓一致五陷阱
1. 就远就近
together with / along with / as well as 连接时谓语随**前面的**主语(就远);or / either...or / not only...but also 连接时随**最近的**主语(就近)。
2. 集体名词
team/family/committee 作整体→单数;强调成员→复数。考试默认单数。
3. 不可数与单复同形
information/evidence/news 不可数→单数;series/species/means 单复同形,看限定词。
4. each / every / many a
each/every/many a + 单数名词 → 谓语单数(即使意义上是复数)。
5. 分数/百分比
分数/percent + of + 名词 → 谓语随 of 后面的名词(可数复数则复数)。
「There be」句型的 be 也遵守就近原则:There is a book and two pens.
六、倒装汇总表
| 触发 | 倒装类型 | 例句 |
| 否定副词句首(never/rarely/seldom/hardly/not only) | 部分倒装(助动词提前) | Never have I seen such a mess. |
| Only + 状语句首 | 部分倒装 | Only then did I realize it. |
| So/Such...that 的 So/Such 句首 | 完全倒装(So 部分) | So great was the demand that prices doubled. |
| 地点副词/介词短语句首(be/存在动词) | 完全倒装 | Among the guests was a famous economist. |
| 虚拟省略 if(had/were/should 提前) | 部分倒装 | Had we known, we would have acted. |
| 让步 as/though | 形容词/名词提前 | Young as he is, he is very capable. |
七、长难句拆解四步法
第 1 步 · 找谓语动词:一个句子只有一套主干谓语(其余动词都是非谓语或从句谓语)。找到谓语=找到句子心脏。
第 2 步 · 断从句边界:从连接词(that/which/when/if...)到其谓语+宾语结束,用括号括起来——括号里先不读。
第 3 步 · 抓主干:去掉全部括号和插入语(双逗号/双破折号之间),读出「谁-做-什么」。
第 4 步 · 回填修饰:把括号里的从句按功能(定语→「…的」前置;状语→按逻辑位置安放)挂回主干,翻译成型。
配合《长难句拆解 50 例》(long-sent.html)逐句实操——方法+五十遍实操=考场自由。
199 计划 · 英语二核心语法速查 · 语法是阅读的地基,地基牢了长难句只是纸老虎
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